Salutatory Address

SALUTATORY ADDRESS Kristine Ann Villanueva To our outstanding guest-speaker, Dr. Florentina R. Lizano, firm yet caring director Mr. Antonio Punzalan, ever-calm and patient directress Mrs. Angelita Punzalan, dynamic principal Mrs. Joy Mercado, kind and warm faculty and staff, ever-supportive parents, gratified fellow graduates, Good Evening! A Chinese Proverb goes : To get through the hardest journey, we need to take only one step at a time, but we must keep on stepping. First and foremost, I would like to take this opportunity to thank everyone who was very helpful along this step in my journey, this step called high school life. I would like to thank ADT Montessori School, my parents, relatives, and friends, you are the reason why I am here tonight, standing in front of you with much honour and humility. I am grateful for this moment. Second, may I share with you this step in my journey, high school life. As the only girl and the eldest in the family and a stereotyped achiever since childhood, there were a lot of expectations from me. Being the eldest isn’t that easy. You have no ‘ate’ or ‘kuya’ to rely on and you have to handle a lot of pressure at times in school and at home. I always thought an eldest needed to be very careful with her words and actions as people expect you to be flawless. You have to perform well in all the activities given, always give your best and be competitive because that is what’s expected. I thought I was born to comply with what everyone wanted. In short, I have to please everyone almost at all times. And because of that, I have come to believe that I can stand all by myself and live only for the awards. So I missed out the chance to enjoy life with the people around me; to experience a life other than academics and competitions. It did get kind of tiring to spend life doing those things. But when I stepped at ADT, I found the better meaning of achievement and learned the greater value of those around me. It was in the month of June 2008 that I first set foot upon this school. I was that girl still stuck with that belief and desire to just ace everything. I had a hard time dealing with others because of that. But as I spent my days being a student here, I slowly transformed. I slowly became a stronger person; open with the values that life and the people around was imparting to me. A girl ready to face another step in her journey. Who would have known that the days would go by so fast? The next thing I knew I am already in fourth year. I can still remember the days that we had a hard time adjusting to the new system. I can never forget the days too when all of us would have to rush for the deadline of our projects and do all the things we never expected we could do. We have learned to multi-task and do it in short periods of time with much effort and grace. Here I have learned to have grace even under pressure. There had been moments that tested my strength and almost made me want to drop to my knees and quit; times that I just wanted to throw my hands up in the air and say â€Å"I give up†, because I thought the problems would never be solved. But I was wrong; there were people around me I hadn’t expected to help who picked me up whenever I fell. I have realized the value of friendship, as we shared all the happiness and pain through the things that we went thru. This year had all taught me that things don’t always happen the way we want them to. The times that I lost or didn’t reach the top when I knew I really gave my best shot to win but still failed. The time when I hadn’t passed at the school I was dreaming of. If we really want to, we really need to make a way and give more: 99% perspiration and 1 % inspiration as what Albert Einstein has said. Fourth year high school was the greatest part of my high school life. Not only because of the relationships built but also the changes it has brought me. I was made to realize that I cannot have everything and win every time. It had reminded me that I still have to go through failures and downfalls, be hurt and learn with each pain I experience. What is a life full of happiness given right away, anyway? We are given challenges for us to do better and see the bright side despite problems; to find happiness despite tears and to never quit instead continue and never give up. Take the next step. So much has happened throughout this year. It was just like yesterday when we’d laugh at all the jokes thrown, play all the games we wanted and make crazy experiences to remember. It was just like yesterday when we all needed to cram for our projects and review at the same time for our finals. It was just like yesterday when we were just all together through thick and thin. Now here we are, dressed in our school uniform that we had learned to love, topped with the toga signifying our graduation—the end of our high school days. We just took that step. Batch mates, ito na! It’s the finish line of our highschool days; the starting line of our college life. We will be making decisions that may or may not lead us to the fulfillment of the unforgettable class prophecy. Graduation day has finally come; the day we had all been waiting for all these years. After this night, everything might change; everything may not seem the way they used to be. We’ll be moving on to the next chapter of our journeys. Graduation brings mixed feelings. We are happy our hardships will be recognized and awarded with a diploma or medals. We are happy because finally, we are off to the next level. But at the same time, we are sad. We are sad for the fact that we are going to say goodbye to the people we have learned to love; to the people who have once made us happy and feel invincible; to the people we should be thankful for. To my Alma Mater, thank you for being the medium of my transformation. Thank you for providing excellent teachers to mould us, nurturing our talents and training us to be wholesome citizens. To my family, especially my beloved grandparents and Tita, thank you for giving me the support I need; for being a parent giving advises and moral support. For fulfilling whatever is missing and for being there whenever I am in need. You have been such good role models who I can look up to and follow the footsteps as I grow. At the same time, you are my biggest fans, cheering for me and telling me always: â€Å"You can do it. † To my parents, who inspired me in different ways and gave me the appetite to pursue and give my best in everything in terms of studies, thank you for guiding me and correcting me whenever I go astray and made mistakes. Thank you for being so patient and forgiving for all the times I have my shortcomings. Though we have hard times, always remember that I love you and no matter what, even years may pass, even the world turns upside-down, you would always be my parents who will always have a big space in my heart. To all our adorable teachers present here, thank you for not only teaching, but forming us to become better persons and giving us lessons in life as ‘baon’ we can use in college. Mind you, the â€Å"baon† are lessons, and not 50 Million pesos. Though we had hard times, you, our teachers, have been contributors of whatever knowledge and convictions we uphold today. Thank you for investing and believing in us. To my mentor, Ms. Jayla Dela Cruz, thank you for improving my skills in singing and Ms. Ma. Aurene Castillejos, thank you for sharing with us the fun while we were in your care. And last but not the least, to our dearest advisers, who had been mothers and friends to all of us, thank you for molding us to persons who are ready for college. To my friends, a big thanks to all of you. You have played a very big part in my life. Without any blood relations, you have been a family to me. First buds, Cyra and Maegan, Sisters-like Marygel, Clarissa, Nicole and Rizza, guide-givers Donna and Yayin, partner in crime and in food trip Von, friend who had been an asylum, Paul Joseph, and to those I haven’t mentioned, you know who you are. You have been there during the comedy and drama of my life. You were the ones who joined me whenever I go talkative, silly, dramatic, or funny. Thank you for accepting me for who I am and teaching me to accept things and be thankful for whatever I have. To be contented but still, continue and strive hard to reach for something better. My fellow graduates, thank you for sharing a part of your high school life with me in different ways. Each one of you is special and unforgettable to me. Each one has a story that I can remember and treasure even as I go on. All of you and what we had is already tattoed in my heart leaving a permanent mark. To all whom I may have offended unconsciously, my sincere apologies. Four years ago, I was also standing on stage and giving a speech. A valedictorian, embracing the moment where the spotlight and the people are all focused on me. Today, I stand here as a Salutatorian, still enjoying the moment of recognition, even with a different standing. Though I have not attained the highest honor this time, I carry with me the greatest awards I have besides the tangible medal or certificates. These are the friends I have made, the lessons I have learned and the memories I have collected. I realized that success is not all about the medals or the certificates given to you. But it is also the honour and fulfilment you have as a person. I realized that life is not all about competitions. True, life is a jungle as what all grown ups have said. There are some things or circumstances which are deceiving and these may try to pull you down, but what’s important is we have been equipped to stand strong and firm and stick for what we think is right and just. As we can all see, we are living in a community full of lies and corruption. From the interviews of some government officials on TV, the platforms made by candidates for election, the justice system in our country, the way the news is delivered by the media, up to the simple lies one tells you that can make you believe and be swerved from the truth. But, do we let this system sway us too? May we not get influenced by the negative things around us. May the values that ADT has given us be etched in our mind and may we have ourselves all gathered up to stand up and fight for what we think is right. Some of the best things that ADT has given me are the people I met along the way and the unforgettable experiences. Experiences that have brought me to what I am and have at this moment. Whether these experiences have been good or bad, I do not regret any of them because they all touched my heart and my mind. I have learned well and will bring these along with me as I go on with life. I have come to the conclusion that there would always be things that might bring us down, but we have to stand up and pursue our lives with all the courage and faith we have garnered and earned from the people around us. Ladies and Gentlemen, thank you for being here tonight and for being so kind listening all throughout. As for my fellow graduates, I wish you all the best of luck in your lives and I hope you always live in righteousness and always remember the honor of being truthful. Onwards ADT graduates! May our learnings and experiences guide us in the next step of our journey. Good evening to all, Thank You and God Bless! Salutatory Address SALUTATORY ADDRESS Kristine Ann Villanueva To our outstanding guest-speaker, Dr. Florentina R. Lizano, firm yet caring director Mr. Antonio Punzalan, ever-calm and patient directress Mrs. Angelita Punzalan, dynamic principal Mrs. Joy Mercado, kind and warm faculty and staff, ever-supportive parents, gratified fellow graduates, Good Evening! A Chinese Proverb goes : To get through the hardest journey, we need to take only one step at a time, but we must keep on stepping. First and foremost, I would like to take this opportunity to thank everyone who was very helpful along this step in my journey, this step called high school life. I would like to thank ADT Montessori School, my parents, relatives, and friends, you are the reason why I am here tonight, standing in front of you with much honour and humility. I am grateful for this moment. Second, may I share with you this step in my journey, high school life. As the only girl and the eldest in the family and a stereotyped achiever since childhood, there were a lot of expectations from me. Being the eldest isn’t that easy. You have no ‘ate’ or ‘kuya’ to rely on and you have to handle a lot of pressure at times in school and at home. I always thought an eldest needed to be very careful with her words and actions as people expect you to be flawless. You have to perform well in all the activities given, always give your best and be competitive because that is what’s expected. I thought I was born to comply with what everyone wanted. In short, I have to please everyone almost at all times. And because of that, I have come to believe that I can stand all by myself and live only for the awards. So I missed out the chance to enjoy life with the people around me; to experience a life other than academics and competitions. It did get kind of tiring to spend life doing those things. But when I stepped at ADT, I found the better meaning of achievement and learned the greater value of those around me. It was in the month of June 2008 that I first set foot upon this school. I was that girl still stuck with that belief and desire to just ace everything. I had a hard time dealing with others because of that. But as I spent my days being a student here, I slowly transformed. I slowly became a stronger person; open with the values that life and the people around was imparting to me. A girl ready to face another step in her journey. Who would have known that the days would go by so fast? The next thing I knew I am already in fourth year. I can still remember the days that we had a hard time adjusting to the new system. I can never forget the days too when all of us would have to rush for the deadline of our projects and do all the things we never expected we could do. We have learned to multi-task and do it in short periods of time with much effort and grace. Here I have learned to have grace even under pressure. There had been moments that tested my strength and almost made me want to drop to my knees and quit; times that I just wanted to throw my hands up in the air and say â€Å"I give up†, because I thought the problems would never be solved. But I was wrong; there were people around me I hadn’t expected to help who picked me up whenever I fell. I have realized the value of friendship, as we shared all the happiness and pain through the things that we went thru. This year had all taught me that things don’t always happen the way we want them to. The times that I lost or didn’t reach the top when I knew I really gave my best shot to win but still failed. The time when I hadn’t passed at the school I was dreaming of. If we really want to, we really need to make a way and give more: 99% perspiration and 1 % inspiration as what Albert Einstein has said. Fourth year high school was the greatest part of my high school life. Not only because of the relationships built but also the changes it has brought me. I was made to realize that I cannot have everything and win every time. It had reminded me that I still have to go through failures and downfalls, be hurt and learn with each pain I experience. What is a life full of happiness given right away, anyway? We are given challenges for us to do better and see the bright side despite problems; to find happiness despite tears and to never quit instead continue and never give up. Take the next step. So much has happened throughout this year. It was just like yesterday when we’d laugh at all the jokes thrown, play all the games we wanted and make crazy experiences to remember. It was just like yesterday when we all needed to cram for our projects and review at the same time for our finals. It was just like yesterday when we were just all together through thick and thin. Now here we are, dressed in our school uniform that we had learned to love, topped with the toga signifying our graduation—the end of our high school days. We just took that step. Batch mates, ito na! It’s the finish line of our highschool days; the starting line of our college life. We will be making decisions that may or may not lead us to the fulfillment of the unforgettable class prophecy. Graduation day has finally come; the day we had all been waiting for all these years. After this night, everything might change; everything may not seem the way they used to be. We’ll be moving on to the next chapter of our journeys. Graduation brings mixed feelings. We are happy our hardships will be recognized and awarded with a diploma or medals. We are happy because finally, we are off to the next level. But at the same time, we are sad. We are sad for the fact that we are going to say goodbye to the people we have learned to love; to the people who have once made us happy and feel invincible; to the people we should be thankful for. To my Alma Mater, thank you for being the medium of my transformation. Thank you for providing excellent teachers to mould us, nurturing our talents and training us to be wholesome citizens. To my family, especially my beloved grandparents and Tita, thank you for giving me the support I need; for being a parent giving advises and moral support. For fulfilling whatever is missing and for being there whenever I am in need. You have been such good role models who I can look up to and follow the footsteps as I grow. At the same time, you are my biggest fans, cheering for me and telling me always: â€Å"You can do it. † To my parents, who inspired me in different ways and gave me the appetite to pursue and give my best in everything in terms of studies, thank you for guiding me and correcting me whenever I go astray and made mistakes. Thank you for being so patient and forgiving for all the times I have my shortcomings. Though we have hard times, always remember that I love you and no matter what, even years may pass, even the world turns upside-down, you would always be my parents who will always have a big space in my heart. To all our adorable teachers present here, thank you for not only teaching, but forming us to become better persons and giving us lessons in life as ‘baon’ we can use in college. Mind you, the â€Å"baon† are lessons, and not 50 Million pesos. Though we had hard times, you, our teachers, have been contributors of whatever knowledge and convictions we uphold today. Thank you for investing and believing in us. To my mentor, Ms. Jayla Dela Cruz, thank you for improving my skills in singing and Ms. Ma. Aurene Castillejos, thank you for sharing with us the fun while we were in your care. And last but not the least, to our dearest advisers, who had been mothers and friends to all of us, thank you for molding us to persons who are ready for college. To my friends, a big thanks to all of you. You have played a very big part in my life. Without any blood relations, you have been a family to me. First buds, Cyra and Maegan, Sisters-like Marygel, Clarissa, Nicole and Rizza, guide-givers Donna and Yayin, partner in crime and in food trip Von, friend who had been an asylum, Paul Joseph, and to those I haven’t mentioned, you know who you are. You have been there during the comedy and drama of my life. You were the ones who joined me whenever I go talkative, silly, dramatic, or funny. Thank you for accepting me for who I am and teaching me to accept things and be thankful for whatever I have. To be contented but still, continue and strive hard to reach for something better. My fellow graduates, thank you for sharing a part of your high school life with me in different ways. Each one of you is special and unforgettable to me. Each one has a story that I can remember and treasure even as I go on. All of you and what we had is already tattoed in my heart leaving a permanent mark. To all whom I may have offended unconsciously, my sincere apologies. Four years ago, I was also standing on stage and giving a speech. A valedictorian, embracing the moment where the spotlight and the people are all focused on me. Today, I stand here as a Salutatorian, still enjoying the moment of recognition, even with a different standing. Though I have not attained the highest honor this time, I carry with me the greatest awards I have besides the tangible medal or certificates. These are the friends I have made, the lessons I have learned and the memories I have collected. I realized that success is not all about the medals or the certificates given to you. But it is also the honour and fulfilment you have as a person. I realized that life is not all about competitions. True, life is a jungle as what all grown ups have said. There are some things or circumstances which are deceiving and these may try to pull you down, but what’s important is we have been equipped to stand strong and firm and stick for what we think is right and just. As we can all see, we are living in a community full of lies and corruption. From the interviews of some government officials on TV, the platforms made by candidates for election, the justice system in our country, the way the news is delivered by the media, up to the simple lies one tells you that can make you believe and be swerved from the truth. But, do we let this system sway us too? May we not get influenced by the negative things around us. May the values that ADT has given us be etched in our mind and may we have ourselves all gathered up to stand up and fight for what we think is right. Some of the best things that ADT has given me are the people I met along the way and the unforgettable experiences. Experiences that have brought me to what I am and have at this moment. Whether these experiences have been good or bad, I do not regret any of them because they all touched my heart and my mind. I have learned well and will bring these along with me as I go on with life. I have come to the conclusion that there would always be things that might bring us down, but we have to stand up and pursue our lives with all the courage and faith we have garnered and earned from the people around us. Ladies and Gentlemen, thank you for being here tonight and for being so kind listening all throughout. As for my fellow graduates, I wish you all the best of luck in your lives and I hope you always live in righteousness and always remember the honor of being truthful. Onwards ADT graduates! May our learnings and experiences guide us in the next step of our journey. Good evening to all, Thank You and God Bless!

Insecurity and Ignorance Essay

Grasping the idea of sexual assault and rape can be a difficult task. We know of it within our world, but it may not effect us in our own lives. Vulnerability is a more comprehensible feeling. Many girls around the world can relate the constant comparison between themselves and others, their need for attention, and insecurity. In Joyce Carol Oats’ Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? , the main character, Connie, displays these feelings through her subconscious thoughts and mindless actions. Her longing for acknowledgement leads to the extremely unfortunate event, meeting Arnold Friend. Connie’s low self-esteem, constant need for male attention, and lack of judgment force her to be helpless to the manipulative people she attracts. Connie’s insecurity causes her to constantly desire for male attention. She consistently daydreams about the boys she has been with, â€Å"Her mind slipped over onto thoughts of the boy she had been with the night before. †(365) Even as Connie goes through her normal, relaxing day, her mind subconsciously slips to thoughts of boys. This shows her obsession, desiring more from the males with whom she interacts. Connie’s clothing also displays her low self-esteem, when talking about Connie’s two different appearances: â€Å"She wore a pullover jersey blouse that looked one way at home and another way when she was away from home. †(362) Connie’s need for male attention causes her to dress in an inappropriate way, that she cannot show at home. She lost all self-respect, allowing herself to dress in a way to fulfill her mind’s desires. Because of the way she dresses, males treat her as they would someone much older, who dresses in the same way. Connie’s low self-esteem causes her to think that being pretty is all that matters, â€Å"She knew she was pretty and that was everything. † (361) Connie believes she is pretty and that she is better than anyone else because of that. Her world revolves around boys, and she thinks that all men care about is how pretty women appear, therefore being pretty is everything. The actions and thoughts of Connie cause her to have little self-respect in a world that revolves around males. Connie’s attitude and action towards males does not attract her the kind of attention she desires. Her mother tends to get angry with Connie for her arrogance. When Connie explains her mother’s preference for her older sister, June, she said, â€Å"If Connie’s name was mentioned it was disapproving. † (364). In Connie’s mind, the importance of the boys in her life is much greater than the importance of family. Spending nights at the drive-in restaurant, a popular hangout spot, Connie attracts the attention of older boys. This is what she intends to happen, but she is unaware of how this can lead to trouble. Older boys treat Connie as they would a girl their own age. This pressures Connie into doing things she would not normally do with someone as young as herself. In addition to the pressure from older boys, her actions by hanging out at the drive-in put her in danger. When Connie was with a boy at the drive-in restaurant, she caught the eye of a man who would prove dangerous: â€Å"He wagged a finger and laughed and said, ‘Gonna get you, baby. ’† (363-364) Connie does not know at the time that she was attracting danger. Connie is naive of the world around her, acting without thinking about the affects these decisions could have on her life. Through flirtatious acts and her attitude, Connie attracted a rapist, from whom she was unable to escape. By hanging out at the drive-in restaurant, flirting with older boys, and wearing provocative clothing Connie attracted the attention of the creepy Arnold Friend, whose intentions can be inferred from the story. When Arnold first pulls up to Connie’s house, and they officially meet for the first time, Connie instantly thinks about his impression on her: â€Å"She couldn’t decide if she liked him or if he was a jerk. (367). Connie did not find this abrupt encounter with Arnold strange, because he showed up at her house and knew about her. She first thinks about whether she liked him or not. She is oblivious to the danger of strangers, only thinking about if he is worth her flirting. Once Connie fell into Arnold’s trap, she is unable to escape: â€Å"She thought for the first time in her life that is was nothing that was hers, that belonged to her, but just a pounding, living thing inside this body that wasn’t really hers either. (377). She no longer had control of herself or of her fate. Everything lies in the hands of Arnold Friend. A potential rapist easily takes advantage of Connie, because of her vulnerability, longing for male acknowledgement, and not thinking about her actions. Connie’s whole world is centered around boys, consistently in her thoughts, which influence her actions. As a result, Connie’s daydreams of being with boys turned into nightmares of reality.

My First Part-Time Job

This is the my first part-time Job. I had learned so much from this experience. First of all, I learned how to get along with people whom you had only met for the first time. I remember this Job was back in three years ago. I was only 17 and I wanted to do something different this summer instead of Just hanging out at home. When I started looking for one, I realized finding a Job is quite difficult. Thanks to my sister who recommended me to this Japanese restaurant where she works as a manager. After a brief interview, I was accepted to fill this position.I darted to think about all kind of possibilities within this Job. Finally, my first day of work has arrived. My mom took the time and drop me off to work right on time. I was very nervous since I would have to introduce myself in front of everyone and started to learn everything. The first thing I learned was that, when customers come in, you have to say welcome. It was hard for me to say it so loud in front of people. I felt shame on myself for not doing it well. After I stand in front off mirror and practices a lot, I could say it easily. After a few weeks, things started to fall into places and I was familiar with the work.However, one accident happened, I accidentally knock over a bowl of soup on a customer. My first reaction was â€Å"Oh my god! † I was so unguarded and felt so bad. I blamed myself for not being careful. Fortunately, the customer did not get too upset; after that, I paid more attention to work. I get tipped well sometimes when I do a good Job with the help of my co-workers. I had became friends with my co-workers. When I think back, I still miss the time while working there. It was a valuable experience for me. It has taught me important lessons in my life. Hopefully, I would be able to find another Job that is as memorable as this one to me.

Should our food habits and eating preferences be guided by sense of Term Paper

Should our food habits and eating preferences be guided by sense of morality - Term Paper Example Maybe, what is intended is not that you are free to do whatever you want to the animals, morality states that we cannot treat animals with barbarity, brutality, savagery and truculence, but† since humans are made with more rationale than the rest of the animals on earth, it will be up to them to see that the animals are well cared for – humans shall not harm or kill them unless it is absolutely necessary." (Weil). It's not that I suppose ethics isn't an element in consuming creatures however, the cruel actuality of life is that with a explicit end goal to feed one form, some life, a living thing whether an animal, fish, bird or plant, must be given the ax. Every species has its own sort of sustenance that their physique needs in order to survive. Some individuals have the capacity to be solid on a veggie lover eating regimen, however numerous individuals go for vegetarian diets and sometimes their health deteriorates to dangerous levels. However, some individuals, regard less of the fact that their health suffers as a result of their veggie lover eating regimen, won't consume meat items in light of moral explanations. Endeavoring to go against what your physique needs in an exertion to be an "exceptional individual" is not ethics or morality, its silliness. It’s corrupt to damage yourself! Also, in the event that you don't think about yourself, and might rather spare a creature's existence than your own, that is one thing, however in the event that you have children or a companion, it would not seem to be a sensible, healthy and moral choice to give priority to an animal’s life over your own. You might be going overboard with your morality obligations because you have certain responsibilities regarding family and professional life. At the same time provided that you still consume meat from processing plants you have not, by definition, assimilated the actuality of atrocities committed by these plants. In the event that you legitimately comprehended the nightmarish fierceness of what happens inside these austere animal correctional facilities and butcheries, you essentially would not consume this meat (Walsh). Consider the fact that numerous individuals all over the world consume next to no meat and are among the planet's longest-living individuals, healthier by all intents and measure. Corporations that possess these horrific industrial facilities take agonies to keep their operations mystery, covered up behind showcasing symbolism (Weil). The even bigger concern is that, efforts to expose this gruesome and nightmarish abomination in exact, intentionally sourced profundity are not yet noticeably successful. Sacrificing your morality on the altar isn’t the only way of consuming meat, there’s a middle sensible path as well. It is quite clear that we see value in responsible farming on a diminutive scale. The logic behind this practice is that there is a considerable time period for an animal to become suitable for slaughtering. Assuming that individuals needed to raise all the creatures they consumed notwithstanding growing everything else they consumed, it is highly unlikely that they have the capacity to devour meat at the same rate most individuals do today, they'd

The strategic objectives of organizations Dissertation

The strategic objectives of organizations - Dissertation Example This then enables the organization to better assess and mitigate the strategic risks. In addition, the internal audit function in organizations identifies strategic risks in an organization through the communication between the chief audit executive and the organizations’ board of directors. This is mainly through the giving of notices to the board of directors in situations where the chief audit executive feels that a manager in the internal audit has created high risks that are above the organizations’ set risk level. This will allow for assessment of the risk and designing of effective ways to deal with it. Overall, the internal audit function through open communication with the risk management department and the strategic department as well as other departments in the organization, control the risk level of the organization and report on impending risks. On many levels, results from primary research agree with results from the literature review which show that the i nternal audit play specific roles with regard to risk management and these include evaluating risk management processes, evaluating the reporting of key risks, reviewing the management of key risks and giving assurance on the risk management processes and that risks are correctly evaluated (Wieczorek et al. 2002). In these roles of the internal audit from the literature review, communication is cross-cutting. The third objective of this study was to make recommendations for internal audit and strategy professionals regarding potential improvements of the strategic role of the internal audit.

Nuclear Medicine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nuclear Medicine - Essay Example In nuclear medicine, technique imaging procedure is used to diagnose or treat disease. The imaging procedure in this medicinal field is non – invasive and is comprised of painless medical tests. The imaging scans involved in nuclear medicine make use of radioactive material like radiotracers and radiopharmaceuticals. Depending on the nature of treatment the radioactive material is injected, inhaled or swallowed to produce energy called gamma rays in the particular organ of the body being diagnosed. These gamma rays are detected with the help of PET camera, gamma camera or probe. All these devices work in assistance with computer to analyze the amount of radiotracer absorbed by the body and delivers complete detail about the specific organ. Nuclear medicine also provides therapeutically procedures to treat cancer and other thyroid related problems. Here the radioactive iodine therapy is used where radioactive materials help in treating the diseases. Nuclear medicine images coul d be superimposed with the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computer tomography (CT).Generally nuclear medicine procedures are performed with the help of gamma camera with which pictures can be taken from various angles. The highlight of the nuclear medicine is that it helps the doctors in looking inside the human body which otherwise is opaque. Both the physiology and anatomy of the body is considered in nuclear medicine while treating or diagnosing a disease. Since human body is opaque, it is difficult to look into it and with the help of imaging device and computers they are able to diagnose and perform various treatments. The different nuclear imaging techniques are positron emission tomography (PET), Single photon emission computer tomography (SPECT), cardiovascular imaging and Bone scanning. These techniques make use of various radioactive materials to produce an image. These techniques help in detecting tumors, blood flow to blood vessels, disorders in blood cells, disfun ctioning of organs and pulmonary and thyroid disfunctioning. In nuclear medicine, a substance containing radionuclide or radioactive isotope is administered into the body. This emitted radioactive material is either used to diagnose a disease in the body or destroy diseased cells. It has taken more than fifty years for the nuclear medicine field to reach a breakthrough point where it could be helpful for human kind. Previously, the role of nuclear medicine was limited only to diagnosis and now it has changed o treatment of various diseases. The first demonstration of nuclear imaging technique was performed in 1946 on thyroid tumors. Nuclear medicine imaging is a functional imaging tool and helps in checking the proper functioning of bodily organs. Apart from this nuclear medicine is the only technique which helped in proving the brain death case.MRI scans, X-rays or ultra-sound cannot make the difference between dead and live tissues and hence cannot detect occurrence of brain death . So it can be understood that the nuclear medicine technology is so powerful that it can monitor the most important organ like brain. Nuclear medicine specialist use painless, safe and cost efficient techniques to perform body imaging and treat various diseases. Nuclear medicine imaging is different, as it allows the physicians and doctors to understand the structure and function of the body of patients. Nuclear medicine uses very minimal amount of radioactive material and hence it is not harmful to people. The amount of radiation received usually in nuclear imaging is equal to diagnostic x- ray and it is very safe for patients. In nuclear medicine the importance is given to the chemistry and function rather than structure. Radioactive tracers of fatty acids, glucose and amino acids helps in

First Trip to Mosque in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

First Trip to Mosque in America - Essay Example The carpet must be kept in a neat condition since Muslims should try to offer their prayers in the Mosque. In the middle of the Mosque, a large chandelier was suspended that is only opened during special occasions. Some pictures of the Makah and Medina (holy cities in Islam) are displayed in the front wall along with a digital clock. The microphone that is used by the Imam, a person appointed to lead the prayers, is situated underneath the clock. To the left, people can refer to a timetable of prayers on a bulletin board. Towards the end of the prayer hall, a partition is situated because sometimes women like to come and offer their prayers in the Mosque. Since, Islam strictly prohibits the mingling of both sexes; a partition is used to divide the men and women. The primary purpose of the Mosque is to allow Muslims to offer their prayers, or Salah. Salah is an Arabic term that is defined as connection. During Salah, Muslims get an opportunity to connect to God, thank him for his merc ies, and fulfill their mandatory duty as believers of Allah. Salah is held five times a day, whole year round, and as usual lead by the Imam. The Imam is the leader of Salah, and people are lined behind him rows upon rows. Most of the Imams are hafiz, a person who has memorized the holy Quran. Imams are required to dress in a religious code along with keeping a beard. Most Imams also specialize in reciting the Quran in their own unique voice. Since Muslims are obliged to pray five times a day, it is very beneficial for them to attend the prayers in the Mosque because they get rewarded twenty-seven times more. Muslim men should try to attend Mosques frequently, Friday, is a day that is reserved for all Muslim men to come and offer their prayers. When I visited during Friday, a great scholar from Pakistan came and delivered a great speech or sermon. His sermon was about Hajj, the holy pilgrimage Muslims are required to do if financially stable, and his words were both powerful and mov ing. The Friday ritual began around late afternoon with the services held at 1:30P.M. When Muslim men enter the mosque, they greet each other with an â€Å"Assalamu-Alaikum,† that translates to be â€Å"peace is upon you.† After greeting each other, they go to perform wudhu, which consists of washing the hands, feet, and mouth. Wudhu is an obligation on every Muslim because it is an act of purification, and is required before praying. After they are done performing wudhu, the men go in the main prayer hall and wait for the Imam to come. In the span of thirty minutes the day I visited, the Mosque was full with people waiting outside to get in.   The experience was profound because the scholar talked about the aspects of Hajj, and how it can bring all Muslims closer to Allah. He reminded the crowd that this life is short, and no one has any guarantee whether he can live the next day, so it is advisable to perform Hajj as soon as possible. In addition, he understood the fact that people get caught up in the worldly affairs, so he told his audience to take some time out for Islam. Furthermore, he read some verses from the Quran that talked about the fulfillments of Hajj. His concern was that most Muslims underestimate to requirement to perform Hajj, even though Hajj is one of the five pillars of Islam. If a Muslim can not perform it due to financial circumstances, than he would not be held accountable for it. However, in recent years people have found reasons to excuse themselves from this

Assisted Suicide, The Right to Die Research Paper

Assisted Suicide, The Right to Die - Research Paper Example l, social and cultural levels for decades and, even at the global level, this activity still does not seem to be able to reach any societal consensus about whether it is appropriate. However, assisted suicide allows individuals with varying health problems or handicaps to have a means to escape their complications and avoid the anguish of dying without a sense of personal decorum. Washington and Oregon are the only two states in the US where assisted suicide is a practice allowable by law (Ball and Mengewein, 2010). Since both states are located on the West coast, this might be representative of a cultural perspective that is quite different from the rest of the continental United States. Both of these states now support the perspective of different right-to-die organizations and protect the medical community from being the victims of lawsuits. The efforts of these states further supported what ended up being a victorious lawsuit in Montana, filed by truck driver Robert Baxter, a patient with lymphocytic leukemia, who actively challenged Montana’s homicide statute. Even though this particular case was victorious, Baxter died of his illness on December 5, 2008 which happened to be the exact same day that his case won in the First Judicial District Court in Helena (Blesch, 2009). However, this set the precedent for future lawsuits of this nature in suppo rt of the right-to-die agenda. Even at the global level, there is much progression in areas of assisted suicide, with Belgium taking the lead in support for euthanasia. In 2007, almost two percent of all deaths reported involved assisted suicide at the request of the patient, with the rate of the Belgium medical community withholding life-extending treatment increasing from 14.6 percent to 17.4 percent in just six years (Bilsen, Cohen, Chambaere and Pousset, 2009). At the global level, these measurable increases in assisted suicide show that there is an active, global market looking for alternatives to prolonged

New Deal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

New Deal - Essay Example They could either develop programs from the bottom-up by federally generated job creation and welfare benefits thus forming social partnership with racial minorities and the working class including labor unions or they could give businesses freedom to correct the economy itself by expansion thus creating more jobs which would pump money back into the economy. Contrary to popular historic perceptions, the country was hardly moving in a socialist direction.   The New Deal represented the prevailing capitalist societal structure culture as, for an example, its policy continued the division between what was considered the worthy poor, mostly widows and their children and the ‘unworthy’ poor, which included just about anyone else, who were disregarded. The First New Deal (1933 to1934) decidedly orientated governmental policies toward big business.   The Second New Deal which began in 1935 was less pro-business in position, but in practice continued to support top-down economic growth.   Later in this stage of reform, the government increased its focus on antitrust enforcement and stronger regulations on business regulation but ultimately, big business maintained influence over essential decisions concerning investment, pricing and production. In addition, the government assisted industry by limiting competition. Rather than attempt to regulate businesses, New Deal advocates wanted to greatly increase the size and control of the government so that it could act as a counterbalance to private sector industries (Yantek, n.d.). When Roosevelt took office; the government was fairly simple in design with functions primarily limited to the necessities of administration. Afterwards, it was altered into a multifaceted agency controlling business and intruding into citizen’s liberties. â€Å"It is no exaggeration to say that he took the

To what extent has the CCTV camera reduced the crime in the uk Essay

To what extent has the CCTV camera reduced the crime in the uk - Essay Example proponents of this technology; with an approximated 1.9 million CCTVs in 2011-which easily translates into 1 camera for every 32 UK residents-with this number rising daily. Estimates also claim that the average Briton is normally caught on CCTV 300 times every day. This paper aims at exploring the effectiveness of CCTV in crime reduction in UK (Fenwick, 2012). The use of CCTVs in tackling crime in UK has greatly grown over the past decade. No official figure exists for how many cameras are currently in use, although on the basis of academic research, a 4.2 million figure has been frequently cited. Whereas the underlying principle for use of CCTV has been that it aids in prevention of crime, numerous studies have queried the assumptions behind this claim; drawing attention to a complex variety of factors that must be considered when evaluating the effectiveness of CCTVs. A 2007 Campbell Collaboration report stated that CCTV has a â€Å"modest but significant desirable effect on crime†, however its usage must be more closely targeted than it is at present (Siegel,2015). The beginnings of CCTV usage for public places in UK dates back at the start of 1980s. From then, CCTV system usage has gradually, but considerably expanded. The initial systems were financed in a few places by the local businesses or the police, however, in most of cases local authorities via what were referred to as Safer Cities or City Challenge Initiatives. Successive Government financing assumed the shape of CCTV Challenge Competition between 1994 and 1999, whereby 38.5 million pounds was availed for about 585 schemes throughout the country. Consequently, between 1999 to 2003, core investment was started in public space CCTV via the Home Office-funded Crime Reduction Programme (CRP).Thus, a sum of 170 million pounds of capital financing was availed to local authorities after a bidding process. The coming to an end of the Crime Reduction Programme indicated the finishing of a devoted central

Globalisation and the tourism industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Globalisation and the tourism industry - Essay Example Most of these new nations built systems and structures that included the enhancement of tourist and historic sites. The period of the East-West Cold War led to various forms of development which included the creation of standards that were built in alignment with the dominant powers of the conflict. Within that time, structures in transportation improved and different activities went on. After the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1988 and the eventual collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the world came under one unipolar system led by the victorious Capitalist West. This led to the promotion of the Third Wave of Democracy which came with the democratisation of former Communist and developing nations, harmonisation of standards and the promotion of transportation across borders (Houghton, 2010). In this research we would attempt to examine the actual elements of globalisation and how it relates to tourism in the world today. The project would answer questions relating to the way tourism has improved globalisation. The project would also try to evaluate the impacts of globalisation on the tourism industry. Has globalisation been positive or negative to tourism? And what is the impact of ICT on tourism? What can be done to improve tourism in this era of globalisation? Economic domination of global organisations-Research and detect multinational global companies (including hotel chain, food chain, and tour operator) and discuss economic domination, standardisation, and its impacts on tourism. 4. To identify and evaluate tourism sectors affected by globalisation and provide the most suitable recommendations with reasons, to tourism industry on a global or country level in order to increase profit and being responsible

Formal essay Essay Example for Free

Formal essay Essay The therapeutic relationship is an important component of nursing. Nurses use their own awareness of self as a valuable tool to build rapport with patients and develop the therapeutic relationship. This essay will demonstrate the importance of self awareness by discussing how it can be developed, the advantages of self awareness, and the consequences of not practising self awareness in nursing contexts. There are a number of ways that a nurse can develop self awareness. Smith and Jones (2012) suggested that self awareness can be developed by †¦ Johns and Harrison (2009) agreed, but also suggested that †¦ would be useful. However, there was some disagreement with these findings. A research study conducted by Marks and Spencer (2010) found that †¦ Although some of these authors disagreed on the methods of developing self awareness, what they did agree on was the advantages for patients if nurses are self aware. When nurses are self aware, benefits for the patient include †¦ The benefit to communication was stated emphatically by Lewis and Carroll (2008) who found that †¦ Similarly, other authors have noted that †¦ (Brown, Green, 2009; Butcher, Baker, 2011). There are also benefits for the nurse who is self aware. For example, †¦ Similarly, healthcare organisations can benefit when their staff are more self aware because †¦ The benefits of self awareness have been clearly demonstrated, but consideration must also be given to what might happen to a therapeutic relationship if nurses are not self aware. If a nurse is not self aware, the ramifications for the therapeutic relationship can be severe. Smith and Jones (2012) reported on an instance where a lack of self awareness on the part of a nurse resulted in †¦ They suggested that greater self awareness on the part of the nurse would have †¦ Other possible results of a lack of self awareness on the part of a nurse include †¦ (Brown, Green, 2009). It is therefore clear that poor self awareness on the part of a nurse can severely influence the development of a therapeutic relationship which can adversely affect the outcomes for the patient. In conclusion, this essay has demonstrated the importance of nurses having good self awareness if they are to develop effective therapeutic relationships with their patients. The main methods for developing self awareness were reviewed, including †¦ When nurses have developed good self awareness, there are benefits for patients, nurses and health organisations, including †¦ However, if nurses do not have good self awareness, possible adverse influences on the therapeutic relationship and on patient outcomes can include †¦ Thus, it is undeniable that self awareness is a significant skill that nurses need to acquire. Reflection (200 words) There has been an enormous change in my perception of the role and function of nurses since I started university. I initially regarded registered nurses as mainly providers of medication who comfort patients in pain. Moreover, I always thought that patients would be cordial to nurses. The idea that nurses could face violent patients was totally new to me. However, I now comprehend that nurses need to employ effective communication strategies to  coordinate the care of patients and also deal with the possible threat of aggressive patients. As a result of this learning, I have realised that I do not know how to deal with aggressive patients, so I will attend a workshop to start developing skills in this area. I was always under the impression that nurses went into hospital wards and directly commenced treatment. On the contrary, from readings that I have done, I understand that it is important to obtain patient permission before commencing treatment. Some patients make decisions about treatments themselves, while others might consult with family members. This could be for cultural reasons, but I have realised that I lack knowledge about other cultures. Therefore, I will try to learn more about the different cultures of the people with whom I work and study. Andre, K., Heartfield, M. (2011). Nursing and Midwifery Portfolios: Evidence of Continuing Competence. Chatswood, NSW: Elsevier. Bulman, C., Schutz, S. (2013). Reflective Practice in Nursing. Chichester, UK: WileyBlackwell. Dempsey, J., Wilson, V. (2009). Thoughtful Practice: Self-awareness and reflection. In J. Dempsey, J. French, S. Hillege, V. Wilson (Eds.) Fundamentals of Nursing and Midwifery. Broadway, NSW: Wolters Kluwer. Johns, C. (2009). Becoming a Reflective Practitioner. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. Timmins, F. (2008). Making Sense of Portfolios: A Guide for Nursing Students,Nursing Students. Maidenhead, UK: Open University Press. Usher, K., Holmes, C. (2010). Reflective practice: what, why and how. In J. Daly, S. Speedy, D. Jackson (Eds.) Contexts of Nursing. Chatswood, NSW: Elsevier

Application Of Therapeutic Communication In Mental Health Setting Nursing Essay

Application Of Therapeutic Communication In Mental Health Setting Nursing Essay Communication is an interactive process of transmitting information between a speaker and a receiver as stated by Townsend 2012.According to Townsend 2012, therapeutic communication is all about caregiver verbal and nonverbal techniques that focus on the care receivers needs and advance in the promotion of healing and change (p.153). Therapeutic communication plays an important role in providing holistic care to patients in general whereas to Psychiatric patients in particular. Mr. X is admitted in private psychiatric unit I encountered a patient who was diagnosed with substance abuse with co morbid of antisocial behavior. I was taking history of patient suddenly the area Staff came and interrupted in conversation and state criticizing sentence to patient in front of me by which patient felt guilty. From my point of view it was not the proper way of communication. There are different types of therapeutic communication. Two of them are verbal and nonverbal communications. According to Townsend 2012, verbal communication is that communication in which some body can speak some words to somebody while nonverbal communication is that in which the person himself does not speak some words but he shows his body language to convey or to send his message to his receiver. It is really difficult for us as health care providers to know about patients through any other way. One thing which helps in providing patient centered care is communication. Without communication it is not possible to know all the medical history of patient which is a building block of the care, by which health care providers find what, is the actual condition of the patient. According to Townsend 2012, Therapeutic communication helps in increasing, exploration of feelings and faster understanding of behavioral motivation. It is nonjudgmental discourages defenses and promote trust. Therapeutic communication, a term coined by Ruesch 1961, is defined as a purposeful form of conversation, serving as a point of human Contact between nurse and client and allowing them to reach common health-related goal through participation in a focused relationship. Therapeutic conversations are similar to those Used spontaneously in social communications, with several notable distinctions. Self-disclosure By the health care provider is limited to meeting the health-related goals of the relationship. In Contrast to social conversations, therapeutic conversations have a serious purpose related to Improving the health and well-being of the client. Therapeutic conversations in health care are Designed to help clients learn about their illness and how to cope with it, to comfort dying Persons, and to assure them that someone is there to be with them and ease their suffering Pearson, Borbasi, Walsh, 1997. Therapeutic conversations help make illness bearable by reinforcing self-esteem and supporting the natural healing powers of a person Peplum, 1960. The purpose of therapeutic communication is to provide a safe place for the client to explore the meaning of the illness experience, and to provide the information and emotional support That each client needs to achieve maximum health and well-being. In many ways, the nurse Functions as a skilled companion, using communication as a primary tool to achieve health goals (Pearson, Borbasi, Walsh, 1997). According to Townsend 2012, culture values are differ from one another for example, in Northern areas culture the females meet their elders by hand shake pay salaam than kiss their hands in the sense of respect that is a behavior which is appropriate in that area. The nonverbal showing of social status or power has suggested that high status seems through his gestures that communicate their higher power position such that, the less eye contacts have a more relaxed posture. The environment where we live can effected the communication in the certain culture of interact some people who feel easy and reject to speak during a group therapy, sessions are conducted to discuss openly the problems privately one to one basis with the nurse. The territory and culture are aspects of environment that communicate mass distance begins by which various cultures use space to communicate Hall 1966, According to Townsend 2012, distances matters a lot in communication the certain communicational distances are as follow, Personal distance should be 8 to 40inches, Social distance should be 4 to 12feet, the public distances should be 12feet, and the intimate distance should be 0 to 18inch in UK. According to Sunder 2010, The unrecognized differences in cultural in à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ can result in assessment and interventions that are not optimally respectful of the patient and can be taking signally or by can be half .health care providers not having only knowledge about cultural as but also having awareness about their own cultural identities, especially important are Nurses own attitudes and beliefs towards those different cultures if nurse having knowhow then she might be able to maintain good relationship with client while taking care of the patient the nurse communication style , use of eye contact perception of patient culture are basic things for communication nurse should know this. During my clinical rotation I came across the client in a ward who was dumb , no matter attendant was with him at that moment when I assigned on that patient his attendant was went outside ward I face difficulty in providing quality care to the patient. I personally become more anxious becau se of lacking the primary history of patient even though, I study from patient profile and red folder but I am unable to get more past medical history of patient so that I am unable to provide quality care to patient. I fell low because I was trying to understand patients nonverbal message but am failed. From then I get the importance of communication in health care settings, not only in medical field but every fields and in life. Through communication we come to know and share our feelings to our relatives we understand and learn through the communication. Active Listening is the one of therapeutic communication which is effective with clients begins with active listening (Bush, 2001). Active listening requires not only the act of hearing with the senses but also an active interpretation of what is heard, with feedback given to the client and often a request for validation. Gadow (1995) suggested, In composing a narrative between nurse and patient, it does not matter who is author, because each is poet; it matters only that there are enough words between them to make a story (p. 11). According to Alderman (2000) refers to active listening as an art. Active listening is defined as a participatory process in which the nurse listens not only for facts but also for the underlying meaning of the communication with its attached values, attitudes, and feelings. As such, active listening is a dynamic, interactive process in which a nurse, hears a clients message, decodes its meaning, and provides feedback to the client regarding the nurses understanding of the message. Active listening means listening without making judgments or letting your own perceptions serve as a barrier to really hearing the client. The goal of active listening is to fully understand what the other person is trying to communicate. Often the full meaning of the senders message or intent is not readily apparent. It can be distorted when the listeners values, expectations, and experiences impose a perceptual filter on a message. Thus, two pe ople may hear the same conversation and derive entirely different meanings from it. For this reason, frequent validating with the client and self-awareness on the part of the nurse are essential elements of the therapeutic communication process. The nurse should be sensitive to not only what was being said but also to how it was said and to what is left out of the message as well as to what is included. Included in each participants communicated message is important nonverbal instructions met communication about the interpretation of the message. These can include body posture, gestures, tears, laughter, facial expressions, and vocal tones that reinforce or contradict the verbal message. The listener notes the tone of voice, the pauses in the conversation, and his or her own intuitive feelings in receiving the message (Metcalf, 1998). The listener consciously uses both met communication and minimal verbal cues to encourage further communication. Referred to as attending behaviors (B ox 10-1), these listening connections invite the client to communicate at a deeper level with the nurse. They convey both interest and a sincere desire to understand Straka, 1997. Attending behaviors let the client know that you are focused on understanding their situation and that you are open to whatever the client has to say. Attending behaviors require frequent check in to make sure that what is being observed or heard is accurate. For example, the nurse might say, Id just like to check in with you to make sure that I understand. Are you saying that? It also is important to put observations about nonverbal behaviors into words, with a request for validation: I notice that you seem very quiet today. The barriers to effective communication which are giving advice, offering false reassurance, being defensive. Showing approval/disapproval, Stereotyping, Asking why, changing the subject inappropriately. Falling to listen evaluating communication. Process recording verbatim account of a conversation includes verbal and nonverbal interactions analyze in terms of process content as it therapeutic?.What would I do deferent the next time. Client Records the purposes of communication care planning quality review research decision analysis education legal documentation, reimbursement and historic documentation. Methods of documentation source oriented, problem oriented, PIE is the Problem, Intervention, Evaluation, focus charting data, Action, Response, charting be exception, case management model and the computerized records. Guidelines for effective documentation. Agency policies, documentation forms, Accountability, Confidentiality. Confidentiality; ANA Code of Ethics The nurse safeguards the clients right to privacy by judiciously protecting information of a confidential nature. Use initials, not full name, on notes. AHA Patients Bill of Rights. The patient has the right to expect that all communications and records pertaining to his care should be treated as conf idential. Need to know the basic content, complete, accurate, relevant factual (not inference, opinion), timely, sequential, legally prudent. REFERENCES Townsend,M.C.(2012).psychiatric mental health nursing:concepts of care in evidences_based practice.(Ed.7th).Philadelphia,PA:F.A.Davis company. Halter, M.J.and Varcrolis,E.M.(2010).Psychatric mental health nursing:A clinical approach.(Ed.6th).Elsevier company. Hall,E.T.(1966).The hidden dimension.Garden city NY: Double day.

Ethnicity and Genocide in Rwanda

Ethnicity and Genocide in Rwanda Tracing the origins of a genocide is a treacherous undertaking. If simply recording the facts can be difficult, due to the chaotic and brutal disregard of human existence and culture, then tracing the social, cultural and political origins/causes is highly problematic. If the interpreter chooses to trace these origins to the distant past, by considering peculiar cultural developments and tensions then he/she can be accused of absolving those who were actively involved in the genocide of the responsibility that should be attributed to them. If on the other hand, the interpreter chooses merely to concentrate on the motivations of those involved then this can be at the expense of a broader understanding of the circumstances that enabled such motivations to flourish. This dilemma certainly confronts efforts to explain the most notorious genocide in human history, in Germany during the second world war. Hannah Arendt for example, asked us, disturbingly, to think of Eichman as just a burea ucrat trying to do the best for his career and family as a creation of the dark side of modernity. In attempting to explain a more recent, equally brutal, genocide in Rwanda in 1994 we are once again confronted by the interpretive dilemma described above. In the case of Rwanda the issue for those attempting to explain why almost 1 million people were murdered in the space of just a few months, has been the extent to which ethnicity was the decisive factor. Was it ethnic tension and rivalry that erupted, horrifically, into the mass killing of a minority ethnic group by another majority ethnic group? If so then how did such viscous ethnic tension emerge? Was it an artificial creation of colonial rule, that was very likely to eventually end in violent conflict? Or were ethnic tensions between the Hutu and Tutsi the deliberate construction of power groups bent on the annihilation of their enemies, their competitors for power. And to what extent were these tensions class based rather than ethnic? In the following essay I shall show how there is more at stake in assessing the contributi on of ethnicity to the genocide in Rwanda than the degree to which ethnicity was a factor. Moreover, it is very clear that ethnicity played a part but the key issue is when, who, how and for what purpose was ‘ethnic’ division created? Our answers to these questions will lead us to the very meaning of the ethnicities themselves. Ethnicity and Genocide Before we can begin to address the particular case of Rwanda however we should clarify what will be meant by both ethnicity and genocide. The term ethnicity is usually employed to refer to the identity of a group of people who share a particular geography, language, history, religion, habits and customs that can be distinguished from other such groups. Whether this identity is ‘imaginary or real’, as Obi Zgwanda notes, is irrelevant. What matters is that there is a perception of ethnic differences and that this perception guides the actions and interactions of those who hold to them. It is important also to note here that ethnicity is a social identity that is not necessarily confined by, or the product of, precise geographical boundaries. Indeed Africa is a good example of a region that consists of many ethnicities that pre-date the establishment of geographical boundaries. Moreover, just because a certain social identity is not geographically demarcated against another social identity, it’s other, does not mean that the social identity in question is any less describable as ethnic (Igwara, 1995: 7) The term genocide requires a much more formal definition. This is because there often seems to be some confusion between killing that is motivated by ethnic hatred and the deliberate, planned attempt to eliminate a certain ethnic group which is what we shall understand to be genocide. The distinction is important because it is much easier to understand the socio-historical causes of violence between ethnic groups than it is to trace the socio-historical legacy that led to genocide. In other words, there may exist ethnic tensions or competing ethnicities but it is a big step to then understand them as the key contributing factor in genocide. And once we recognise that genocide is planned and deliberate then we also have to take into account the motivations of the planners of the genocide. In other words, we need to consider the extent to which ethnicity was manipulated by actors bent on the paranoid accumulation of power and wealth. Hutu and Tutsi as ethnicities? Hutu and Tutsi are the two main ethnic groupings in Rwanda. But are they really distinct ethnic groupings. After all, they share the same language and customs and are not divided by religion either. Indeed, they also share the same geography. The Hutu, who are the majority group, have been historically distinguished, most significantly, merely by their occupation as farmers of the land whereas Tutsi are mainly cattle farmers. To be sure this is an important difference, in that ownership of cattle has traditionally been thought of as the chief measure of status. There are some who believe that Tutsi and Hutu can be distinguished also by appearance but then there are others still who believe that this is mythical, a social imagination of former Tutsi rule which explains why they are thought to be taller. In any case, the pre-twentieth century history of Tutsi and Hutu suggest that the two groups were different not as ethnicities as such but as two layers of a caste system. This would perhaps explain why prior to the twentieth century the Hutu and Tutsi coexisted relatively peacefully; certainly if the cultural and economic hierarchy between Tutsi and Hutu was internalised as a natural order within the social identities of the two groupings. Indeed, to describe the Hutu and Tutsi as ethnicities may indeed be a Eurocentric way of classifying the differences between the two groups that wants to divide up the world into distinct ethnicities, much in the way that nations are divided up. To put the point differently, it is rather like understanding the middle and working classes in Britain as separate ethnicities. To conclude this section, if the genocide carried out by Hutu against Tutsi is to be understood in terms of ethnicity then the ethnicity we are referring to must surely be a recent creation and therefore, perhaps less decisive as a factor? Colonialism and the construction of ethnicity It is now widely recognised that colonial rule of Africa, and other parts of the world, created tensions that otherwise might not have existed. There are two key reasons for this effect. Firstly, the dividing up of Africa by European powers in the 19th and early 20th century created artificial boundaries which subsequently became states, and which would later become the subject of dispute and violent conflict. Secondly, and more significantly in the case of Rwanda colonialism imposed what is called the settler/native dialectic. The settler/native dialectic did not just impose a hierarchy it established an altered consciousness in which social identities were relative to the superiority of the colonist (Mamdani, 2001). Moreover, consent to colonial rule was imposed not just through force but through a kind of cultural assimilation in which the native was encouraged to aspire to the cultural and economic superiority of the settler. This surely had the effect of heightening tensions bet ween groups that were privileged or marginalised within this dialectic thus feeding a key ingredient of ethnicity, namely otherness (Mamdani, 2001) German control of Rwanda up until the first world war certainly followed the logic of colonialism described above. Throughout German occupation the dominance of the Tutsi was further institutionalised through administrative and economic structures. And the enforcement of a tax regime meant that the Tutsi were both partly responsible for and beneficiaries of the collection and allocation of revenue. However, it was Belgian colonialism that had the most significant impact on relations between Hutu and Tutsi, and the social construction of ethnic identity in Rwanda. There are several key factors here. Firstly, after taking control of the colony after world war one, the Belgian authorities introduced formal ethnic identification. Every Rwandan was forced to carry identity cards stating their ethnic identity, i.e Hutu or Tutsi. Placed alongside the continued support for the Tutsi elite and the explicit belief that the Tutsi were superior to the Hutu, physically and culturally, this surely had the effect of polarising the ‘ethnic’ contrast between the two groups (Igwara, 1995: 46) Worse still, the Belgian authorities attempted to make Rwanda into a profitable colony and thus enforced a much harsher regime than under the Germans. Since much of the administration of this regime was carried out by the Tutsi an actual dynamic of tension was set in place that was to unfold throughout the twentieth century. The Belgian colonisers certainly helped to ensure, albeit unintentionally, that this dynamic became conflictual and violent. In the 1950’s signs of unrest amongst the Hutu population in reaction to their oppressed condition led the Belgian authorities to introduce a greater measure of equality between the Hutu and Tutsi. Moreover the growing confidence and deepened collective consciousness of the Hutu eventually resulted in a bloody overthrow by the Hutu of the Tutsi regime in 1959. From 1962 onwards the Hutu reversed the Tutsi dominance, often just as brutally as the regime that it replaced. By the 1990’s the Hutu and Tutsi were divided, at least, by divergent collective memories of the past, or in other words by conflicting ethnic identities. By way of conclusion to our summary of the effects of colonialism, we can say that the colonial control of Rwanda clearly established tensions that might not otherwise have existed, which had the effect of strengthening the ethnic self-consciousness of the Hutu and Tutsi (Mamdani, 2001). Though we have not yet established the degree to which ethnicity contributed to the genocide in Rwanda, it is clear that the tensions that were present in the early 1990’s were ethnic ones, even if they were only recently created. By this time the perceived cultural differences between the Hutu and Tutsi were not mere economic. The Genocide It is one thing to establish that the genocide occurred against a background of decades of ethnic strife, but quite another to claim this strife was the decisive factor in the genocide. To claim that ethnicity was the decisive factor in the genocide is perhaps to suppose that the genocide was spontaneous, that it was the rising to the surface of ethnic injustice and hatred whose will was carried out by the militia who slaughtered so many Tutsi, in such a short space of time. But perhaps this is what the perpetrators of the genocide would like us to believe. Perhaps it would be more accurate to claim, following the definition of Genocide outlined above, that the genocide was deliberate and planned and that the ethnic hatred, and thus the particular ethnicity that played a part was also deliberately cultivated for the purpose of carrying out genocide. There are several key factors here. Firstly whilst its scale was unprecedented in Rwanda, the genocide arguably began sometime before 1994. During the late 1980’s and early 1990’s a series of progroms were carried out. These were smaller scale brutal killing expeditions by Hutu militia, coordinated by the Hutu government, most probably in preparation for genocide on a much greater scale (Freeman, 1998). The Hutu government appeared to have arrived at the conclusion that the surest way to permanently secure its power base was the elimination of the Tutsi. The rhetoric of the regime during this period certainly seems to confirm this. But the Hutu suppression of the Tutsi during this period, under the leadership of Habyarimana, was not simply motivated by the desire to ethnically cleanse. Even though viscous ethnocentric rhetoric was employed the Hutu government were perhaps more fearful of the consequences of the pressure that was being brought on them by external powers for democratic reform and thus the i nclusion of the Tutsi. The progroms then, and the eventual genocide may be seen as an attempt to eliminate any threat to its power base before it was required to relent to pressure for democratic reform. Indeed, the introduction of democratic reform during the early 1990’s only further strengthened the Hutu governments cause. More press freedom and the establishment of new political parties only led to more pro-Hutu and more anti-Tutsi rhetoric. This rhetoric was also more specifically targeted against the Arusha accords which were supposed to establish a power-sharing arrangement with the Tutsi. To be sure, the chances for the success of the accords was diminished also by the invasions between 1990-93 of the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) a Tutsi led militia force based in Uganda. However the fear amongst the Hutu elite that if the accords were realised they would lose their cultural and political positions was more decisively a factor in their racialisation of Rwanda politic s during the period before the genocide. The extent to which the Rwandan genocide was planned and thus the result of a power struggle rather, merely, than ethnicity, is evidenced by the events that led up to the genocide in the months before. On April 6th 1994 a plane carrying the president was shot down by a missile, killing everyone on board. But in the same day of the attack, Hutu militia were out on patrol checking the identities of all passers by if they were Tutsi they were brutally murdered with machete’s (Freeman, 1998: 49). The killing that ensued then was immediate and on a mass scale during a period of just 3 months. Estimates of the number of Tutsi killed ranged between 700,000 and 1 million. The apparent suddenness of the genocide as well as the inaction of the international community should not however, disguise the significant and not well concealed evidence that the genocide was planned even predictable. Indeed the attack on the presidents aeroplane is still shrouded in mystery. It is unclear who ca rried out the attack and some suspect that it may have been Hutu extremists concerned that the Hutu government would relinquish some of its power base to the Tutsi. And it should also be noted that the genocide was not just targeted at Tutsi but Hutu moderates. The relative absence of ethnicity as a factor in the summary above leaves out an important question however. How is it, if the genocide was a planned attempt by the Hutu elite to eliminate any potential threat to its power-base, that so many people participated in the genocide. However, only 10% of the Hutu population participated in the killings. The image that is often portrayed of the people killing their neighbours often obscures this statistic. It is true that Tutsi and Hutu lived in the same communities and spoke the same language and even married each other but one cannot make the further step that the genocide was the spontaneous eruption of ethnic hatred. Clearly, the events and origins of the genocide in Rwanda are highly contested. Indeed, it is important to include here the interpretation of the events offered by western governments and the western media. There is much evidence to suggest that both the U.S and France had the operational military capability to intervene ra pidly and decisively to halt the genocide. Furthermore the shooting down of the presidents plane has never properly been investigated, either by the U.N, American or Belgian authorities. Moreover Rwanda represents a massive failure on a number of fronts. The most blatant failure was clearly that of the United Nations for pathetically sending in peacekeeping troops that were merely able to stand by and watch the slaughter. Then there is the failure, and apparent inconsistency of the ‘American empire’ to decisively intervene despite its interventions elsewhere. And there is also the failure to prevent the genocide, to do anything about the preparations for genocide. Indeed, Rwanda was actually viewed as a model of development of an example of the success of international development aid. This is despite the substantial use of international aid for the funding Hutu militia and the luxurious lifestyles of the Hutu elite. From the perspective of these failed actors, or non-actors, it is certainly much more convenient either to understand what happened in Rwanda as ‘civil war’ or to understand it as a sudden eruption of ethnic tensions that defy easy explanation. Curiously, by laying the blame for the genocide at the door of colonialism the cultural studies, post-colonial explanation for the genocide in Rwanda actually ends up allying itself with the former colonial powers who apparently ‘powerless’ to intervene. Conclusion Whilst ethnicity is clearly a factor in the genocide in Rwanda, we need to be careful the way in which and the degree to which attribute this factor. Firstly, historically the Tutsi and Hutu have been divided along class rather than ethnic lines. Their differences do not take the form of ethnic differences in the European sense of the term. Secondly, whilst the colonial intensification of tensions between the Hutu and Tutsi created a consciousness of ethnicity that might not otherwise have existed we should be careful when attempting to trace the specific and brutal act of genocide to the legacy of colonialism. Thirdly, the years, months, days and hours that proceded the genocide suggest that it was planned and thus not a sudden eruption of ethnic tension and hostilities as is sometimes implied. Bibliography John A. Berry and Carol Pott Berry (eds.), Genocide in Rwanda:  A Collective Memory. Washington, DC: Howard University  Press, 1999. Charles Freeman, Crisis in Central Africa Hove: Wagland, 1998 Mahmood Mamdani, When Victims Become  Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001. Obi Igwara, Ethnic Hatred: genocide in Rwanda London: ASEAN, 1995

Indonesia Essay -- essays research papers fc

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After Indonesia declared independence in 1945 the country’s leader, Sukarno, faced the extremely difficult task of creating a unified state out of Indonesia’s numerous ethnic groups. Also ever since its independence Indonesia’s rulers had to suppress uprisings of muslim groups because it threatened the country’s secular ideology.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The attempts by Indonesia’s leaders to maintain unity and the ways in which the military suppressed separatist movements fueled many of the economic, social, and political problems the nation is facing today. After the tsunami, many of the issues surrounding the nationalist issue resurfaced and might change the nature of the conflict between supporters of Indonesian unity and those seeking independence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The rebels in Aceh claim that the region was illegally annexed by Indonesia at the time of independence, and a separatist movement has been active there since 1976. During the regime of Suharto the military was given absolute power, and the continuous military presence in the region was marked by brutality towards the Acehnese and mistreatment of suspected rebels. Therefore many Acehnese feel a deep sense of distrust towards Indonesia. Since 2003 Aceh has been under Indonesian military rule and the area was closed off to foreigners as an attempt to isolate the area and crush the separatist movement. Indonesia allowed virtually no foreign presence in Aceh. Many believe that the isolation of the area was an attempt by the government t...

Is There Life After Baby? Essay -- Personal Narrative Writing

Is There Life After Baby? During the last few years, my life consisted of frequent outings to movie theatres, days spent fishing, Saturday night dancing, fine dining, and many other activities. On July 18th, 2004, my son, Andrew Martin, was born. He is the first child born to my wife and myself. Moments after his birth, I became very aware that my life was about to change significantly, just as many people had informed me during my wife's pregnancy. In the five and a half short weeks he has been on this planet, it has become keenly aware to me that many changes are to come, some good, some great, and some bad. Virtually each and every week during my wife's pregnancy, at least one person told me how much my life was about to change. This was not a complete shock to me, as I did have some idea that my life would be different once my child came. The extent to which it has changed and will change, however, have been a bit of a surprise. My wife and I were married on April 25, 1998. Prior to our meeting, I frequented WPLJ's dance club in Walnut Creek almost every Friday and Saturday night. That is where I met her. On Saturday and/or Sunday afternoons, I could almost always be found viewing a first run movie in either the Pleasant Hill, Walnut Creek, Concord, or Berkeley areas. If not at the movies on Saturday, I was quite often reeling in a fish at Lafayette Reservoir. Approximately two meals a day were purchased at a restaurant or fast food facility. Marriage did not have a significant change on any of these favorite activities of mine, the only exception being that the number of meals purchas ed outside of the home decreased to about five times a week. My son Andrew is six weeks old today. He has changed the lives of my wif... ...him up to tend to his needs.. He even has his own people who come to see him or who call to ask about him, such as Grandma Loretta or Uncle Carlos. My wife and myself were never this popular! You can be told many things about parenthood by many people, you can read numerous books about raising a child, you can even baby-sit another's child, but until you've had your own child, you have no idea of what you are in store for. My son has completely disrupted my life. He has turned it upside down. Honestly, I wouldn't have it any other way! He is a complete joy. Every time I pick him up and hold him or look into his beautiful blue eyes, I know that I am going to love him till the day I die. I look forward to his three siblings that my wife and I plan on having. Most parents would agree with me: a child leads to a lot of sacrifices and is a lot of work, but well worth it!

King Epsilon

As a student, I think that It Is more enjoyable if a teacher explains the lessons In a certain subject with some twists or making stories that would hook the interests of a student. It is not only for students to be interested but also the information is easy to understand and remember. Humor helps things suck In our minds. The story teaching real analysis in the land of making is a great idea of Julie Barnes. Teachers who tell good stories can make subject interesting or easier to relate to. It helps the student to do better In the exams Like what the students of Julie Barnes experienced.She said that roughly 90% of her students told her that the story had made the material much easier for them to understand, remember, and use. So every year, she used the story and she always got the same positive results. It helps us to understand some definitions found in a standard introductory real analysis. The story had made learning calculus simple because it is stated in a child friendly way . The author used the deferent symbols In calculus as Its character In the story The equations there are easy to remember.For Students it is more interesting eating tales and stories more than memorizing all the equations and definitions in calculus without twists. When you read tales or stories, you can easily remember the equations by recalling the story of King Epsilon. Julie Barnes is Just so great. It's not easy to make a tale or a story especially when you are relating It to math definitions or a certain equations. It Is an Informative story that teaches us a lot of things about calculus. The story was about a certain tale of convergence in the real line. There was a king named King Epsilon who lived In the Castle Analysis.HIS wife named Queen Delta already died. There are many citizens living on a subset of a real line. In the country, there was a caste system, and everyone is ranked. The king himself would not allow them to call him by a natural number. He was never part of the natural order of things. King Epsilon had a collection of laws of the kingdom. It is a brilliant idea to a lot of problems that the citizens of the real line have dealt with for centuries. He had a Rule 1 which is the convergence day. During convergence day, King Epsilon would decree the most citizens must travel o a certain place.King Epsilon realized that it is very important for all of his decrees to be obeyed. So he declared that If the subjects didn't comply with a convergence day there would be an extra tax imposed on all the citizens. He asked some of his advisors about this and came up with the following observation. There was never a need to Impose the tax for noncompliance of Rule 1 . HIS Rule 2 Is Cauchy days. He realized that having too many convergence days would actually be harder on the citizens on the real line than not having enough convergence days. He met a young authenticate named Cauchy came to King Epsilon with an Idea.He suggested that instead of specifyin g a town and having a convergence day, these could be simply be days when the citizens have to get together. For any given distance epsilon the lower class citizens would have to be within epsilon of everyone else. There comes this year of hurricanes. It was not uncommon for king epsilon to order mass evacuations from the real line into a parallel universe. King Epsilon proposed was the Hurricane Evacuation Policy where the government must find a parallel universe to evacuate as soon as possible. All citizens must travel to the new world on magic carpets via a function.Once a functions is chosen, there are two things are of great importance to every citizen: The size of the warp zone that needs to be traveled through the entire world and how magic carpets are measured. There are 4 cases. Case 1 is under perfect conditions, average citizens should be sent to safety in a continuous fashion. Case 2 is the Police officers, rescue workers, and medical personnel are sent wherever they are needed, even if this forces them to travel together. Case 3 is if the function moves in a uniformly continuous fashion, the overspent will mass-produce the magic carpets.Lastly, the Case 4 Convergence days are not affected by evacuations. King Epsilon was a great king who is very kind and an intelligent, brave man. His love for Queen Delta is definitely wonderful for he has named a certain area to his queen so he could remember her all the time or whenever he went at that area of the country. Every character was really been a part of the calculus subject. The story doesn't have an ending. Maybe King himself will integrate new ideas into his current kingdom to help students with differentiation and integration.

Noli me tangere reflection Essay

Noli Me Tangere. It is a novel written by Filipino writer and national hero Jose Rizal and was first published in 1887 in Berlin, Germany. This novel was written to remind us the bad things that Jose Rizal experienced during his time by the Spanish. From the very start of this novel, the first plan of our national hero is, to write this novel with the help of his countryman that is also suffering to the hands of the Spanish, but suddenly he failed to do it with the help of his countryman, because his countryman lose their hope in fulfilling their dreams to have freedom in the hands of the Spanish colonies. Jose Rizal, did not give up, because he continue write this novel without the help of his countryman, and he decided to write it by himself only. The first chapter of this novel was entitled â€Å"the paging†, where in, in this chapter stated the lifestyle of Don Santiago de los Santos also known as Kapitan Tiago, he was from Binondo and he was the step father of Maria Clara according to this chapter. In this chapter, the other characters was Padre Sibyla, Padre Damaso, and Tenyente Guevarra.According to this chapter, kapitan tiago invited the said characters to go to his house and have asimple gathering, but suddenly it came to a fight between Padre Damaso and Tenyente Guevarra because of the ereheng namatay. Padre Sibyla stops the rivalry between the two. The second chapter was entitled â€Å"Ang binatang si Crisostomo†. Where in in, this chapter, Kapitan Tiago present Don Crisostomo Ibarra to the priest, the son of his deceased friend named Don Rafael Ibarra.

Pestel Analysis of Coca Cola

Discuss the PESTEL changes of an organization over the last decade. PESTEL Analysis for Coke Coca-Cola, the largest manufacturer, distributor and marketer of beverage concentrates and syrups in the world. Coca-Cola is recognized as the world’s most valuable brand. They market four of the world’s top five non-alcoholic sparkling brands, including diet and light beverages, mineral water, enhanced waters, juices and juice drinks, teas, coffees and energy and sport drinks. Through the world’s largest beverage distribution system, consumers in more than 200 countries enjoy the company’s beverages at a rate of approximately 1. billion servings each day. The Company generates revenues, income and cash flows by selling beverage concentrates and syrups as well as finished beverages. [pic] Even Coca Cola, the worlds’ largest beverage company has to consider about their macro environment and its opportunities and threats. They too have to analyze their Politic al, Economical, Social Environment and Legal Factors in order to catch up with the fast changing world. Political Analysis Non-alcoholic beverages fall within the food category under the FDA. The government plays a role within the operation of manufacturing these products in terms of regulations. There are potential fines set by the government on companies if they do not meet a standard of laws. The following are some of the factors that could cause Coca-Cola Company’s actual results to differ materially from the expected results describes in their underlying company’s forward statement:- Changes in laws and regulations, including changes in accounting standards, taxation requirements, (including tax rate changes, new tax laws and revised ax law interpretations) and environmental laws in domestic or foreign jurisdictions. Changes in the non-alcoholic business environment. These include, without limitation, competitive product and pricing pressures and their ability to gain or maintain share of sales in the global market as a result of action by competitors. Political conditions, especially in international markets, including civil unrest, government changes and restriction on the ability to transfer capital across borders. Their ability to penetrate developing and emerging markets, which also depends on economic and political conditions, and how well they are able to acquire or form strategic business alliances with local bottlers and make necessary infrastructure enhancements to production facilities, distribution networks, sales equipment and technology. A threat that the Coca-Cola Company had to face recently due to the changes in the political factors was the War against Iraq made USA and UK very unpopular in Middle East as well as in other Muslim countries. Because Coca-Cola is known as the very American company, this had a huge effect on the sales of its products. Economical Analysis Last year the US economy was strong and nearly every part of it was growing and doing well. However, things changed. Most economists loosely define a recession as two consecutive quarters of contraction, or negative GDP growth. In 2008, we are witnessing a global economic crisis which was suggested by several important indicators of economic downtown worldwide. These included high oil prices, which led to both high food prices (due to a dependence of food production on petroleum, as well as using food crop products such as ethanol as an alternative to petroleum) and global inflation; a substantial credit crisis leading to the bankruptcy of large and well established investment banks as well as commercial banks in various nations around the world; increased unemployment; and the possibility of a global recession. As the inflation rate grows higher and higher, consumer buying power will represent a key threat in the industry. The rivalry between Pepsi and Coke has produce a very slow moving industry in which management must continuously respond to the changing attitudes and demands of their consumers or face losing market share to the competition. In addition, consumers can easily switch to the other beverages with little cost or consequence. Social Analysis Many people nowadays are practicing healthier lifestyles. This has affected the non-alcoholic beverage industry in that many are switching to bottled water and diet colas instead of beer and other alcoholic beverages. The need for bottled water and other more convenient and healthy products are in important in the average day-to-day life. Possible substitutes that continuously put pressure on Coke include tea, coffee, juices, milk and hot chocolate. Consumers from the ages of 37 to 55 are also increasingly concerned with nutrition. There is a large population of the age range known as the baby boomers. Since many are reaching an older age in life they are becoming more concerned with increasing their longevity. This will continue to affect the non-alcoholic beverage industry by increasing the demand overall and in the healthier beverages. Increasing awareness among consumers, public health professionals and government agencies of the potential health problems associated with obesity and inactive lifestyles represents a significant challenge to the Coca-Cola industry. The company has recognized that obesity is a complex public health problem. Their commitment to consumers begins with the company’s broad product line, which includes a wide selection of diet and light beverages, uices and juice drinks, sports drinks and water products. Coke has hot lot of sugar by which continuous drinking of Coca-Cola may cause health problems. Being addicted to Coca-Cola also is a health problem because drinking of it has an effect on your body after few years. Technological Analysis The effectiveness of company’s advertising, marketing and promotional programs. The e new technology of internet and tv which use specific effects for advertising through media. They make some products look attractive. This helps in selling of the products. This advertising makes the product attractive and is being used in media to sell their products. As the technology is getting advanced there has been introduction of new machineries all the time. Due to introduction of this machineries the production of the Coca-Cola company has increased tremendously then it was few years ago. A latest technical achievements made by the Coca-Cola Company was the new environmentally friendly version of the iconic â€Å"Coca-Cola† Contour bottle which has won number of awards for its light weight. Environmental Analysis The Coca-Cola system’s environmental commitments are focused on the areas in which they have the most significant opportunities to make a difference – water stewardship, sustainable packaging and energy management and climate protection. In 2007, the company used approximately 300 billion liters of water in their plants to produce beverages. To meet their water needs while helping to conserve watersheds and improve community water access; water stewardship leads the list of the companies’ sustainability efforts. In 2007, Coca-Cola announced their aspirational goal to return to communities and nature, an amount of water equal to what is used in the company’s beverages and their production. Coca-Cola calls this water neutrality. Coca-Cola vision is to advance a packaging framework in which their packaging is no longer seen as waste, but instead as a valuable resource for future use. To realize this zero waste vision, they have been guided by a commitment to continuous improvement. They continues to make strides by advancing packaging initiatives focus on reduce, recover and reuse. They invested in designing and producing sustainable fashion apparel made from recycled PET bottles too. Legal Changes Analysis Marketing decisions are strongly affected by developments in the political and legal environment. This environment is composed of laws, government agencies and pressure groups that influence and limit various organizations and individuals. Sometimes these laws also create new opportunities for business. Here are some legal affairs that Coca-Cola had to face recently: The European Commission has alerted EU member countries to ban Coca-Cola drinks because of recent poisoning of 100 children in Belgium and cause seems to be the wrong carbon dioxide which was used in the soft drinks. In 2003, the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) a non-governmental organization, said Coca-Cola contained toxins including lindane, DDT, malathion and chlorpyifos – pesticides that can contribute to cancer and a breakdown of the immune system.